翻訳と辞書 Words near each other ・ Discovery (Canadian TV series) ・ Discovery (Daft Punk album) ・ Discovery (Electric Light Orchestra album) ・ Discovery (fireboat) ・ Discovery (horse) ・ Discovery (Irish TV series) ・ Discovery (Jewelry album) ・ Discovery (Larry Carlton album) ・ Discount window ・ Discount-Licensing ・ Discounted cash flow ・ Discounted cumulative gain ・ Discounted gift trust ・ Discounted maximum loss ・ Discounted payback period ・ Discounted utility ・ Discounting ・ Discounts and allowances ・ Discouraged Ones ・ Discouraged worker ・ Discourella ・ Discourse ・ Discourse & Communication ・ Discourse & Society ・ Discourse (disambiguation) ・ Discourse (software) ・ Discourse about the Provision of Money ・ Discourse analysis ・ Discourse community ・ Discourse Concerning Western Planting Dictionary Lists mini英和辞書 mini和英辞書 Webster 1913 Latin-English FOLDOC Wikipedia English ウィキペディア

翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Discounted utility ： ウィキペディア英語版 Discounted utility In economics, discounted utility is the utility (desirability) of some future event, such as consuming a certain amount of a good, as perceived at the present time as opposed to at the time of its occurrence. It is calculated as the present discounted value of future utility, and for people with time preference for sooner rather than later gratification, it is less than the future utility. The utility of an event ''x'' occurring at future time ''t'' under utility function ''u'', discounted back to the present (time 0) using discount factor $\backslash beta,$ Is :$\backslash beta\; ^t\; u(x\_t).$ Since more distant events are less liked, Discounted utility calculations made for events at various points in the future as well as at the present take the form :$\backslash sum\_^T\; \backslash beta\; ^t\; u(x\_t),$ where $u(x\_t)$ is the utility of some choice $x$ at time $t$ and ''T'' is the time of the most distant future satisfaction event. Here, since utility comparisons are being made across time when the utilities are combined in a single evaluation, the utility function is necessarily cardinal in nature. In a typical intertemporal consumption model, the above summation of utilities discounted from various future times would be maximized with respect to the amounts ''x''''t'' consumed in each period, subject to an intertemporal budget constraint that says that the present value of current and future expenditures does not exceed the present value of financial resources available for spending. The interpretation of $\backslash beta$ is not straightforward. Sometimes it is explained as the degree of a person's patience. Given the interpretation of economic agents as rational, this exempts time-valuations from rationality judgments, so that someone who spends and borrows voraciously is just as rational as someone who spends and saves moderately, or as someone who hoards his wealth and never spends it: different people have different rates of time preference. Some formulations treat $\backslash beta$ not as a constant, but as a function $\backslash beta\; (t)$ that itself varies over time, for example in models which use the concept of hyperbolic discounting. This view is consistent with empirical observations that humans display inconsistent time preferences. For example, experiments by Tversky and Kahneman showed that the same people who would choose 1 candy bar now over 2 candy bars tomorrow, would choose 2 candy bars 101 days from now over 1 candy bar 100 days from now. (This is inconsistent because if the same question were posed 100 days from now, the person would ostensibly again choose 1 candy bar immediately instead of 2 candy bars the next day.) Despite arguments about how $\backslash beta$ should be interpreted, the basic idea is that all other things equal, the agent prefers to have something now as opposed to later (hence ). ==See also== *Temporal discounting *Intertemporal choice 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Discounted utility」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.